No need for routers or access points. Devices connect directly.
Network structure changes as nodes move or join/leave.
Nodes can automatically join and configure themselves.
Data can be forwarded through intermediate nodes.
No central server; all nodes have equal roles.
Ideal for emergency or temporary setups (e.g., disaster recovery, military).
Usually battery-operated with range limitations.
Usually battery-operated with range limitations.
Requires special protocols like AODV, DSR for routing.